Stonybrook University Family Reading Survey Full Instrument
What are Reading Skills in Communication?
Reading is a thing of making sense of written language rather than decoding print to audio. Information technology is the process past which we brand sense of a text.
It is a dialogue between the reader and the text. Reading is a completely individual activity and people read at very different levels and speed.
In learning, it is reading that leads to perfection considering books are the storehouse of knowledge.
Francis Bacon says, "Reading maketh a full human being."
According to Addison "Reading is to the mind, what exercise is to the body."
Goodman defines reading as "a psycho-linguistic guessing game."
Eddie Williams says, "Reading is a process of obtaining meaning from written text."
According to Frank Smith, "Reading is the reduction of uncertainty."
The end product of reading is comprehension.
Reading Comprehension
Past comprehension, it is meant, the degree to which the reading able to excerpt relevant information from a text.
During the process of reading, an encoder and a decoder get involved in the sending and reception of the message respectively.
The encoder is the writer who acts as the sender of the message, and the decoder is the reader who acts every bit a recipient. Reading requires the reconstruction of the bulletin.
It demands thinking and planning on the part of the reader. The reader has to distinguish the core of the text from the supporting ideas and at the same fourth dimension, he has to recognize the hidden meanings.
The total act of reading is a "controlling" process as the reader attempts to discover meaning co-ordinate to his own sense.
During the procedure of reading, the reader:
- Receives the image of words/symbols through eyes as visual information (if he is blind, he detects it through touch);
- The segments of data are held, for a curt time, in the brusk-term memory;
- The information is transferred to long-term retention where the fresh information is linked with already stored knowledge. If there is whatsoever information gap in the input data the reader tin span it with already stored knowledge, making a sense of the bulletin conveyed to him through written symbols.
Principles of Reading
While reading a reader has to continue in mind the following points:
- First of all, preview the championship, contents and preface to go the general idea most the text.
- Read the passage at the normal speed.
- Try to guess the significant of the unfamiliar words through the context.
- Skip over unnecessary information.
- Scan the text to get specific information as speedily equally possible.
- Skim the text to get the gist of the fabric.
- Distinguish betwixt the writer'south opinion and statement of facts.
- Infer the mood of the writer.
- Read silently
- Locate the topic judgement for a paragraph.
What are the four types of reading skills?
Following are the kinds of reading.
i – Intensive Reading
Intensive reading is the close reading of a brusk text. It is a kind of reading that aims at accuracy of comprehension. It involves the reader in corking attention to detail. Hither, the reader has to larn the meaning of each and every discussion. It is considered a useful tool of learning a strange language."
ii – All-encompassing Reading
This kind of reading emphasis less on accuracy and more on gaining fluency. Information technology is done out of the classroom and meant for reader'due south own pleasure. Solar day and Bamford suggest that the motto of extensive reading "reading gain without pain."
iii – Skimming
Skimming means to get through the text quickly to grasp the overall meaning or gist of it. It is to extract the main theme or the core of the text by a quick reading process. The reader does non pronounce each and every word of the text, rather he focuses his attending on the subject matter, an overall view of the text, and prepares himself to answer such questions:
- Summarize the given text.
- Give main points of the text.
- Rewrite the subject matter in your own words.
- Requite a suitable championship to the given passage.
- Extract the primal idea of the text.
Such questions indicate that skimming is like global listening.
How Skimming takes place
- Be attentive to the clues and indicators similar titles, headings, subheadings and typographical indicators (words in italics or assuming letters) of important ideas.
- In an essay, read the first and the last paragraph to grasp the subject matter with clarity of concept.
- Read the first sentence of each paragraph, every bit a thesis argument or a topic judgement that means the judgement containing the stand up-signal or chief idea.
- Look at flick and diagrams with captions or words written below them.
- Note numbers, engagement and words that seem important.
iv – Scanning
The sub-skill of reading by which the reader collects a particular information from the given text is known equally scanning. The technique of scanning involves the ability to refuse or ignore irrelevant information. In club to locate a specific piece of information, the reader has to get through the text rapidly and focus his attention on the relevant part of the text. For case:
- Look up a word in the dictionary for meanings.
- Search out a phone number in the directory.
- Find out result of a candidate from the Gazette.
- Locate weather atmospheric condition or functions in town in the newspaper.
- Extract the list of works from the biographical sketch of a author.
Procedure for Scanning
- The required information has to kept in the mind of the reader.
- Make up one's mind which clues will be helpful in finding out the specific information.
- A brisk eye move on the pages of the text.
- Read the part of the text which contains the clues leading to the required information.
The clues which assist the reader to find out a particular piece of information may be a total sentence some words, a single discussion, a punctuation mark, alphabetical order, or numbers etc.
The evolution of scanning skill needs training of optics to move speedily, looking for the clues related to the required data. Scanning is useful to answer the questions such as:
- Fill in the blanks.
- Mark True or False.
- Multiple Choice Items
- Brusque answer/question
Reading Speed
By adopting following important points about reading we can develop a foundational work to enhance reading speed;
Reading is:
- An agile as well as a receptive skill.
- Decoding a bulletin.
- Extracting information from a text.
- Getting specific questions answered.
- Making sense of the text an interactive procedure.
- Predicting and interpreting.
- Referring to and inferring information from a text
- A constant process of guessing
- Constant making and remaking of hypothesis
The following principles of learning to read may as well be considered as pre-requisite for developing advisable speed in reading:
- The reader must develop the basic sense of what print looks like and how it works.
- The learner needs to develop the bones sense of what impress looks like and how it works.
- He has to develop the ability to retrieve nearly words as a sequence of phonemes or building blocks of spoken linguistic communication. He should empathise that sentences are made upward of strings of split words.
- Sensation of spelling patterns that recur across words hastens progress in reading.
- Although the ability to audio out words is important for learning to read, it is non enough. Written language is not just speech written downwardly. Instead text brings new vocabulary new language patterns new thoughts etc. The reader must besides learn to accept the time to reflect on these aspects of the text.
Strategies to Raise Reading Speed
Reading in Chunks
In this technique our optics accept the view of group of letters and words. The reader should develop the power to read in chunks to take in 4 or five words in a single middle glance.
Inferring the Meanings
There is no demand to cease at difficult words simply to expect upwards their meaning in a dictionary. The difficulty tin be faced by guessing the meanings of the words, keeping in view the context of their use. If the reader develops the skill to use clues, structure and context to judge the meaning, the interest can be maintained alongwith improvement of reading speed.
Pre-viewing
The reader should make himself conscious of the layout, headings, sub-headings, paragraph indentations and diverse blazon-faces or fond of composing the text. Paying attention to the printed format tin speed up reading comprehension.
Anticipation
If the reader prepares himself to guess what is likely to occur next in the text, he tin improve the speed of reading. This is some sort of anticipation while reading the text. He can use sure clues like the championship and sub-titles etc, that may give him an thought about the affiliate or contents of the book.
Silent Reading
Loud reading reduces the speed of reading as each word has to be pronounced according to stress and intonation patterns. Silent reading recommended to salvage time by establishing a straight link between visual affect and comprehension. It will certainly enhance the speed of reading.
SQ3R
SQ3R is a systematic process of reading by which reading speed as well every bit comprehension (understanding) can be enhanced.
- Due south stands for survey
- Q stands for question
- Get-go R stands for read
- 2d R stands for call up
- 3rd R stands for review
Faulty Reading Habits
Well-nigh of the students do not enjoy reading books, rather they accept them for examination purpose as a burden. Moreover, when they start reading they face many problems due to their faulty reading habits. If they fix-aside their faulty reading habits they volition experience comfortable with the textual fabric and bask reading.
Hither, we try to identify some faulty reading habits which are creating problems for the students.
- Finger Movement
- Head Movement
- Vocalization
- Lips Movement
- Reading without understanding
- Reading without awareness of objectives
- Word by discussion Reading
- Reading without guessing meaning
Strategies to Raise Reading Skills
Good readers take a wide range of constructive approaches to texts and they can cull a strategy suitable to a given text. 1 of the goals of foreign language reading pedagogy is to provide students with as many strategies as possible.
- Use previous cognition to predict what is presented in the following text.
- Skip some hard parts of the text just become the outline of the text.
- Guess unknown words and phrases by using the clues or context.
- Realize what are important parts in a text and get out out automatically the unimportant ones.
- Do not dependent on text information through bottom-up processing just apply actively summit-downwards processing. The imagination of the reader is very important during reading, and his vicarious reading is an effective strategy.
- Change reading strategies according to the nature of text. There are different kinds of text and strategies of reading should differ according to the kinds of text.
- Take the reading of text actively. Activating schemata is especially useful for foreign language learners. According to Schema theory, readers acquire information from text non passively but actively. Inference, generalization and personal-involvement brand adept readers.
- SQ3R formula (described before) is also a good strategy to enhance reading skills.
Activity to develop reading-based on authentic material
Check your reading speed by using the post-obit formula:
sixty 10 total No. of words = Words per minute
The time in seconds
Scale of Speed in Words per infinitesimal:
170-200 Slow
200-250 Boilerplate
250-300 Above average
300-400 Fast
400-above Very fast
Further Reading
- Tips to improve reading skills
- Reading tips / Reading Skills
- 8 Of import Steps of Writing Procedure
- How to Write an Essay
- Speaking Skills in Communication
- Listening Skills (Definition, Types & Issues)
- Interview Skills (Training, Techniques, Questions & Answers)
Source: https://englishgrammarsoft.com/types-of-reading-skills-and-strategies/